Author
Shikha S Vasudeva, MBBS Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine; Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine; Infectious Disease Consultant, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affair Medical Center
Shikha S Vasudeva, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London
Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Rodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Disclosure: Received research grant from: Biofire<br/> Speaker for Biofire.
Acknowledgements
Suur Biliciler, MD Neuromuscular Fellow, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Timothy S Brannan, MD Director, Department of Neurology, Jersey City Medical Center; Professor, Department of Neurology, Seton Hall School of Graduate Medical Education
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert Cavaliere, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Sidney E Croul, MD Director of Neuropathology, Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco de Assis Aquino Gondim, MD, MSc, PhD Associate Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University School of Medicine
Francisco de Assis Aquino Gondim, MD, MSc, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and Movement Disorders Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Alan Greenberg, MD Director, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Seton Hall University
Alan Greenberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ronald A Greenfield, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine
Ronald A Greenfield, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Central Society for Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Mycology Society of the Americas, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology
Disclosure: Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Gilead Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ortho McNeil Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Abbott Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Astellas Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Cubist Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Forest Pharmaceuticals Speaking and teaching
J Stephen Huff, MD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine
J Stephen Huff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Lutfi Incesu, MD Professor, Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayis University School of Medicine; Chief, Neuroradiology and MR Unit, Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital, Turkey
Lutfi Incesu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Neuroradiology and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Uma Iyer, MD Resident Physician, Department of Neurology, State University of New York Upstate Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Pieter R Kark, MD, MA, FAAN, FACP Instructor in Palliative Care, The Lifetime Healthcare Companies
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Michael R Keating, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Chair, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Michael R Keating, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Transplantation, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and International Immunocompromised Host Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Anil Khosla, MBBS, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center of St Louis
Anil Khosla, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Society of Neuroradiology, North American Spine Society, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
John W King, MD Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Director, Viral Therapeutics Clinics for Hepatitis, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center
John W King, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Subspecialty Professors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: MERCK None Other
Marjorie Lazoff, MD Editor-in-Chief, Medical Computing Review
Marjorie Lazoff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Glenn Lopate, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine; Director of Neurology Clinic, St Louis ConnectCare; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Glenn Lopate, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Baxter Grant/research funds Other; Amgen Grant/research funds None
Joseph Richard Masci, MD Professor of Medicine, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director of Medicine, Elmhurst Hospital Center
Joseph Richard Masci, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, and Royal Society of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
C Douglas Phillips, MD Director of Head and Neck Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College
C Douglas Phillips, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Medical Association, American Society of Head and Neck Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Association of University Radiologists, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Tarakad S Ramachandran, MBBS, FRCP(C), FACP Professor of Neurology, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Family Medicine, Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University; Chair, Department of Neurology, Crouse Irving Memorial Hospital
Tarakad S Ramachandran, MBBS, FRCP(C), FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of International Physicians, American College of Managed Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Stroke Association, Royal College of Physicians, RoyalCollegeofPhysicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal College of Surgeons of England, and Royal Society of Medicine
Disclosure: Abbott Labs None None; Teva Marion None None; Boeringer-Ingelheim Honoraria Speaking and teaching
Raymund R Razonable, MD Consultant, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic of Rochester; Associate Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Raymund R Razonable, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and International Immunocompromised Host Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Norman C Reynolds Jr, MD Neurologist, Veterans Affairs Medical Center of Milwaukee; Clinical Professor, Medical College of Wisconsin
Norman C Reynolds Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Movement Disorders Society, Sigma Xi, and Society for Neuroscience
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert Stanley Rust Jr, MD, MA Thomas E Worrell Jr Professor of Epileptology and Neurology, Co-Director of FE Dreifuss Child Neurology and Epilepsy Clinics, Director, Child Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Chair-Elect, Child Neurology Section, American Academy of Neurology
Robert Stanley Rust Jr, MD, MA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Epilepsy Society, American Headache Society, American Neurological Association, Child Neurology Society, International Child Neurology Association, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Prem C Shukla, MD Associate Chairman, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Manish K Singh, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Teaching Faculty for Pain Management and Neurology Residency Program, Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel College of Medicine; Medical Director, Neurology and Pain Management, Jersey Institute of Neuroscience
Manish K Singh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American Headache Society, American Medical Association, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Niranjan N Singh, MD, DNB Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine
Niranjan N Singh, MD, DNB is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Mark S Slabinski, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Vice President, EMP Medical Group
Mark S Slabinski, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Ohio State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
James G Smirniotopoulos, MD Professor of Radiology, Neurology, and Biomedical Informatics, Program Director, Diagnostic Imaging Program, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
James G Smirniotopoulos, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Society of Head and Neck Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Association of University Radiologists, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed Director, Spinal Cord Injury Unit, St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National MS Society Multiple Sclerosis Center; Director, Neuropathy Association Center of Excellence, Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St Louis University School of Medicine
Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, American Paraplegia Society, Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Frederick M Vincent Sr, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University Colleges of Human and Osteopathic Medicine
Frederick M Vincent Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Legal Medicine, American College of Physicians, and Michigan State Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Amir Vokshoor, MD Staff Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Surgeon, Diagnostic and Interventional Spinal Care, St John's Health Center
Amir Vokshoor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American Medical Association, and North American Spine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Cordia Wan, MD Adult Neurologist, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Kaiser Permanente Southern California
Cordia Wan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H Medical Director, Office of Service Continuity and Disaster Planning, Fellowship Director, Stanford University Medical Center Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Chairman, SUMC and LPCH Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness Task Force, Clinical Associate Progressor, Department of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University Medical Center
Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Association for Oncology, Southern Clinical Neurological Society, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Lawrence A Zumo, MD Neurologist, Private Practice
Lawrence A Zumo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
